A number of harp-like instruments in Africa are not easily classified with European categories. The basso continuo part acted as the foundation for many musical pieces in this era. In the second half of the 15th century some vihuela players began using a bow, leading to the development of the viol. The increased structural integrity of the iron frame allowed the use of thicker, tenser, and more numerous strings. [51] Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussy's La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz. During the reign of Empress Wu Zetian () (about 684704 AD), a copper instrument that looked like the Qin pipa was discovered in an ancient tomb in Sichuan (). When there are multiple choirs of strings, the player is often able to control which choirs sound. [160] The first treatise published for the Baroque guitar was Guitarra Espaola de cinco ordenes (The Five-course Spanish Guitar), c. 1590, by Juan Carlos Amat. [45], Playing the tanbur was common at least by the late Parthian era and Sassanid period,[46] and the word 'tanbur' is found in middle Persian and Parthian language texts, for instance in Drakht-i Asurig, Bundahishn, Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan, and Khosrow and Ridag. Sound recording was also a major influence on the development of popular music genres, because it enabled recordings of songs and bands to be widely distributed. It provides a tubby sounding rhythm for calentano music, accompanying violin, guitar and tamborita.[179]. In the period 2000-2005 Landman created 9 prototype instruments. Harps were found across the Americas where it was a popular folk tradition in some areas. Gallery: Europe, lutes of unknown development lines, Viola, 4-course guitars, late 15th century, Spanish and Portuguese descendant lutes in former colonies, Gallery, Latin America, Indonesia, Philippines, Hawaii. Beethoven's instrumentation for orchestra added piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones to the triumphal finale of his Symphony No. 2016 Premier Guitar approached him for the second time for a guitar building request, which resulted in an experimental guitar built for Thurston Moore. It had become a flat-backed instrument by the 18th century, with five double courses of strings, tuned in fourths. The harp was among the chief instruments and the favorite of David, and it is referred to more than fifty times in the Bible. In France, a great number of highly characteristic solo works were created and compiled into four books of ordres by Franois Couperin (16681733). [100] He taught the instrument and the song (ghina, Arabic: ) that accompanied it to his people, where the instrument and song "were adopted by singing girls". The most flexible system is the French "shove coupler", in which the lower manual slides forward and backward. Unknown lute-family instrument, 723-743 AD[43] Qusayr 'Amra. The perked once had a distinct traditional shape that is designed to look like a stylised owl with wooden pegs, but nowadays this is sometimes replaced with a guitar or vihuela style headstock with machine heads. [24], The Andean harp (Spanish/Quechua: arpa), also known as Peruvian harp, or indigenous harp, is widespread among peoples living in highlands of the Andes: Quechua and Aymara, mainly in Peru, and also in Bolivia and Ecuador. The harp is also used extensively as a corporate logo, by private companies and government organisations. Copyright 2022 Performance Audio, LLC. Elliott Carter's Double Concerto is scored for harpsichord, piano and two chamber orchestras. One innovation that helped create the sound of the modern piano was the use of a strong iron frame. Additionally, the Byzantine Empire bordered on both Europe and Persia. Performed by Robert Schrter on a French harpsichord, Performed by Martha Goldstein on a Flemish harpsichord, Performed by Sylvia Kind on a harpsichord of the type made in the early 20th century, and although they had come into contact with the piano later on, they nonetheless continued to play the harpsichord and clavichord for the rest of their lives. The instrument had great popularity in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, where it evolved into a wide range of variants with new technologies, and was disseminated to Europe's colonies, finding particular popularity in Latin America. As Rome tried to standardize the various chants across vast distances of its empire, a form of music notation was needed to write down the melodies. The harp was adopted as a symbol of the Kingdom of Ireland on the coinage from 1542, and in the Royal Standard of King James VI and I in 1603 and continued to feature on all English and United Kingdom Royal Standards ever since, though the styles of the harps depicted differed in some respects. [15] A similar harp, the gonghu was played in ancient Korea, documented as early as the Goguryeo period (37BCE 686CE).[16]. [original research?] Cristofori's early instruments were much louder and had more sustain than the clavichord. 1600-1750), technologies for keyboard instruments developed, which led to improvements in the designs of pipe organs and harpsichords, and to the development of the first pianos. [79] The peoples there could be loosely called Iranians, the historic tribes, not only citizens of the modern country. [22] Later examples exist from 2000 to 1500 BC (Uruk period 4). [175] This instrument probably evolved in the Philippines during the Spanish period, from 1521 to 1898. The painting appears to depict the instrument with frets. Along with the oldest known pipa, the Japanese court also preserved a version of the Central Asian dances from Kucha into the modern era. If the player wishes to play the upper 8' from the upper manual only and not from the lower manual, a stop handle disengages the jacks labeled A and engages instead an alternative row of jacks called "lute stop" (not shown in the Figure). The small pegs gently contact the string near the tuning peg, changing the vibrating length, but not the tension, and hence the pitch of the string. While the angle and bow harps held popularity elsewhere, European harps favored the "pillar", a third structural member to support the far ends of the arch and soundbox. While Europe developed the lute, the oud remained a central part of Arab music, and broader Ottoman music as well, undergoing a range of transformations.[107]. Comparatively, the Greek and Byzantine pandura is shorter than the tanbur, even though both are long lutes. This album was published in a limited deluxe edition as well with a special designed instrument called 'Svikt' mounted to the album cover. Concertos for the instrument were written by Francis Poulenc (the Concert champtre, 192728), and Manuel de Falla. YAMAHA / ME-110A compact and lightweight electronic metronome, "ME-110 Black" from YAMAHA, has arrived.It incorporates various rhythm patterns for practicing a number of instruments. Ancient Egyptians developed stringed instruments, such as harps, lyres and lutes, which required making thin strings and some type of peg system for adjusting the pitch of the strings. Their lineage is not clearly understood. The lyre, kithara, aulos, hydraulis (water organ) and trumpet all found their way into the music of ancient Rome. From India, north through Pakistan, Nepal, into Persian/Turk areas of Central Asia, a group of barbed lutes and double-chested, skin-topped lutes developed. Examples were found in Khafage, Mari, Isin or Larsa, Iran, Babylon, Tell Mamabaqat Syria, Susa, and Alaca Huyuk. The term "harp" has also been applied to many instruments which are not even chordophones. Although the major entry of the short lute was in western Europe, leading to a variety of lute styles, the short lute entered Europe in the East as well; as early as the 6th century, the Bulgars brought the short-necked variety of the instrument called Komuz to the Balkans. [32] The Kafir harp has been part of Nuristani musical tradition for many years. [108] Sicilian influence increased as Tuscan poets visited Sicily in the 13th century to partake of the local culture. When rotated with a wrench or tuning hammer, the tuning pin adjusts the tension so that the string sounds the correct pitch. It was believed that it was the instrument which the Eastern Jin () musician Ruan Xian () loved to play. Modern boat lutes in the island regions of Southeast Asia include the Sapeh from Borneo, the Sumatran Hasapi and Philippine Kutiyapi. [4], The antecedent of ruan in the Qin Dynasty (221 BC 206 BC), i.e. It was used at both joyful and mournful ceremonies, and its use was "raised to its highest perfection under David" (1 Sam. Along with the Moodswinger, this instrument is included in the permanent collection of the Musical Instrument Museum in Phoenix, Arizona. Each tassel indicates a string that is secured. [29] In the 430s AD, Persian king Bahram Ghur visited the court of the Ghassanids, where he listened to girls from the Byzantine Empire and from Al-Hira sing music from their homes, accompanied by the barbat, a Central Asian instrument. [36] A century later at Mantineia, the pierced lute would be changed, with a broader neck, somewhat shorter than the earlier Egyptian style lute, but still a long-necked instrument, with the neck longer than the soundbox. In Germany in the second half of the 17th century, diatonic single-row harps were fitted with manually turned hooks which fretted individual strings to raise their pitch by a half step. Harps have been known since antiquity in Asia, Africa and Europe, dating back at least as early as 3000BCE. The mechanism of the instrument, called "stops" (following the use of the term in pipe organs) permits the player to select one choir or the other. Schnitger's organs featured particularly distinctive reed timbres and large Pedal and Rckpositiv divisions. There were also special melodic Bordonuas that were used during the 1920s and 1930s as accompaniment to melody instead of the bass role. It is a small part of a larger image illustrating the Lalitavistara Stra, Bodhisattva in Tusita Heaven. According to Dumbrill, the lute family included instruments in Mesopotamia prior to 3000BC. As time progressed, and as the Romantic period saw changes in accepted modification with composers such as Berlioz and Mahler, the 20th century saw that instrumentation could practically be hand-picked by the composer. [17] Dumbrill documented more than 3000 years of iconographic evidence for the lutes in Mesopotamia, in his book The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East. Irish companies such as Guinness since 1759, Harp Lager since 1960, Irish Independent since 1961 (originally in black but in green since 1972), and Ryanair since 1985 have all incorporated harps into their logos. At first, these lines had no particular meaning and instead had a letter placed at the beginning indicating which note was represented. Instruments from approximately the 12th and 13th centuries in Spain and Sicily, areas conquered by Muslims and then European Christians. [43] In the mid-20thcentury Jord Cochevelou developed a variant of the modern Celtic harp which he referred to as the "Breton Celtic harp"; his son Alan Stivell was to become the most influential Breton harper, and a strong influence in the broader world of the Celtic harp. [44], Three figurines have been found in Susa that belong to 1500 BC, and in hands of one of them is a tanbur-like instrument. For both, the instrument featured in the earlier period of their careers, and although they had come into contact with the piano later on, they nonetheless continued to play the harpsichord and clavichord for the rest of their lives. Southern yueqins had long necks, unlike the northern. A similar process happened in Central Asia, over centuries of repeated trade by different cultures and conquests by different tribes. The bowed lyra of the Byzantine Empire was the first recorded European bowed string instrument. Furthermore, original lutes survived in tombs, some still with strings attached. Ishizuchi, the Highest Peak in West Japan, with Our Amazing Staff!. [9][8] Since each string played a single note, adding strings added new notes for instrument families such as bow harps, harps and lyres. [10] Variants were described ranging from 14 to 17strings, and the instrument used by wandering minstrels for accompaniment. He shows the pattern in several non-Western scales such as the Indian 22 shruti system, the 19-tone scales on the Iranian tar and the Turkishsaz, an out-of-place Coptic artifact and his own tuning system applied on the Moodswinger. The jacks are similar, but they will benefit from being arranged back to back, since the two [bass] octaves take as much space as four in an ordinary harpsichord[14] Prior to 1980 when Keith Hill introduced his design for a pedal harpsichord, most pedal harpsichords were built based on the designs of extant pedal pianos from the 19th century, in which the instrument is as wide as the pedalboard. [155], Today, instruments like the tiple are descendants of vihuelas brought to America in the 16th century. Perhaps the most celebrated composers who wrote for the harpsichord were Georg Friedrich Hndel (16851759), who composed numerous suites for harpsichord, and especially J. S. Bach (16851750), whose solo works (for instance, The Well-Tempered Clavier and the Goldberg Variations), continue to be performed very widely, often on the piano. The Portuguese violas are a collection of instruments shaped like a classical guitar but smaller. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked "tenor tuba", including Gustav Holst's The Planets, and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben. Amplified (electro-acoustic) hollow body and solid body electric lever harps are produced by many harpmakers, including Lyon & Healy, Salvi, and Camac. [48] The hurdy-gurdy was a mechanical violin using a rosined wooden wheel attached to a crank to "bow" its strings. Instruments not included on this list provide a chance to think about the instruments' evolution. A rare example from about the 3rd century AD was discovered in 1907 in the Niya ruins in Xinjiang, China, a broken lute's neck with two gut frets intact. Around two million Hammond organs have been manufactured, and it has been described as one of the most successful organs. ), or generate new electronic timbres or sounds that did not exist before. Harps' strings rise approximately perpendicularly from the soundboard. Medieval lutes were 4- or 5-course instruments, plucked using a quill as a plectrum. In the Mesopotamia and in Egypt, the lute had been associated with dancing girls and with entertainment. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to an electric guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length, and four to six strings or courses. cistro, cedra, ctola)[1] is a stringed instrument dating from the Renaissance. Two sizes are common: The smallest is the Walaycho (also hualaycho, maulincho, or kalampiador) with a scale typically around 30cm long (up to about 56cm with mechanical tuners). According to the story, "Theodoulos is horrified at being associated with a man from the theatre" and more horrified to find "Cornelius at the Hippodrome, holding his instrument with one hand, and with the other, a bareheaded prostitute".[41]. In the follow-up, released in 1998, 'Het Verdiende Loon', Landman described his negative experiences on a daily job. The Rylands Beatus instruments come from Spain, and may link to the Arabian/Muslim traditions of instrument making there, or be a form of plucked-fiddle, similar to those seen in Central Asia (an area that the Persians and Arabs conquered and picked up musical traditions from.). By the 14th century, it was simply referred to as a guitar. Lex Eisenhardt, "Baroque guitar accompaniment: where is the bass". Rabab c. 1885, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Others have ordinary round coconuts. The weren't solely working in the Middle East; Islam was spread wide and some of the thinkers were from Central Asia. Also the Byzantine lute from Qasr Libya, in Libya, has barbs on its top, a rubab trait. Musician playing wood-topped gambus modeled on oud. He published a clarifying 3rd bridge diagram related to this instrument in 2012 (and a more elaborate version of this diagram in 2017). The Coptic lute also overlaps with an instrument that Curt Sachs called a pandura, the instrument illustrated in the mosaic in the Byzantine emperor's palace in Constantinople. [8] Another innovation occurred when the bow harp was straightened out and a bridge used to lift the strings off the stick-neck, creating the lute. Lack of artwork does not necessarily mean absence of the lute in Roman and Greek society. Instruments from the peak of the French tradition, by makers such as the Blanchet family and Pascal Taskin, are among the most widely admired of all harpsichords, and are frequently used as models for the construction of modern instruments. [21], The harp is also found in Argentina,[22] though in Uruguay it was largely displaced in religious music by the organ by the end of the 18thcentury. From China to Central Asia and India to Egypt, artwork shows women entertaining with music and alcohol. In some, the neck pokes out the bottom and strings are attached there. Pressing keys causes mechanical hammers to strike metal strings or tines, leading to vibrations which are converted into electrical signals by magnetic pickups, which are then connected to an instrument amplifier and loudspeaker to make a sound loud enough for the performer and audience to hear. [42] The instrument has three strings and is being played with a plectrum. Hindu, Buddhist. [38] Still another form of the pandura would have a one-piece carved triangular body with skin stretched across it. It has acoustic amplifiers in the form of aluminum cones, This page was last edited on 29 October 2022, at 11:26. [6] Although similar to a guitar, the Guitarrn mexicano was developed from the 16th-century Spanish bajo de ua ("fingernail[-plucked] bass"). Quoted text illustrated: "Confitebor tibi in cithara Deus Deus meus" (To thee, O God my God, I will give praise upon the cithara), Bible of Charles the Bald, 9th century, cythara as lute or lyre combined, from the Bible of Charles the Bald, 9th century, The gittern was a relatively small gut strung round-backed instrument that first appears in literature and pictorial representation during the 13th century in Western Europe (Iberian Peninsula, Italy, France, England). Shiny Case II / product listThe C.C. 0476-89-2222 Tokushima Call Center TEL. 14.2, 1047 AD, angels holding cytharas, Utrecht Psalter, c. 850, cythara (held), cithara and organ (on ground), Utrecht Psalter, c. 850, cythara and harp, Utrecht Psalter, c. 850, cythara and lyre, Utrecht Psalter, c. 850 cythara. However, there are no records of being called "10-string guitars". Pakistan. Sicily, 12th century image from the Cefal Cathedral. Names were reused or used across multiple instruments over the millennia; the rabab group is an example of that. The word cythara was used generically for a wide variety stringed instruments of medieval and Renaissance Europe, including not only the lyre and harp but also necked, string instruments. It is relatively large, with a significantly increased volume of the resonator box, which gives basses a special richness. German builders extended the sound repertoire of the instrument by adding sixteen foot choirs, adding to the lower register and two foot choirs, which added to the upper register. By c. 1500 the lute had reached Egypt, through conquest, and it had reached Greece by 320 BC both through Egypt and eastern neighbors. The bridge itself rests on a soundboard, a thin panel of wood usually made of spruce, fir orin some Italian harpsichordscypress. shure se846 2930 Descendants of these instruments are bandolon, guitarra sptima, quinta huapanguera, jarana jarocha, concheras, and guitarra chamula, among others.[178]. [170] Two weeks after they disembarked from the SS Ravenscrag in late August 1879, the Hawaiian Gazette reported that "Madeira Islanders recently arrived here, have been delighting the people with nightly street concerts. Three ways to categorized these are: China, (left to right) sanxian, pipa, two huqin type fiddles, c. 1907, Fuzhou. Harpsichords may also have stop buttons which add or remove additional octaves. In Yemen, the instrument was known as the quanbus. Many depictions of King David in Jewish art have him holding or playing a harp, such as a sculpture outside King David's tomb in Jerusalem..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}"King David statue at King David's tomb". Hinduism and Buddhism spread throughout what are now Burma, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, all the way to China. "[53][incomplete short citation], Other important advances included changes to the way the piano is strung, such as the use of a "choir" of three strings rather than two for all but the lowest notes, and the implementation of an over-strung scale, in which the strings are placed in two separate planes, each with its own bridge height. Europeans had access to lutes in several ways. While the modern guitar was introduced in Portugal in the 18th century from France and has 6 simple strings, the Portuguese violas are older, were developed from the Iberian vihuela, are smaller and have 5 courses of double strings. In the same year he starts his solo performances and collaborates with the Dutch noise rock act Those Foreign Kids, functioning as his backing band on his European solo tours. Built like the Egyptian (skin top, stick woven through skin, sound holes parallel to stick-neck, one tassel to tie each string.). [note 1][45], In the 10th century AD Al-Farabi described two types of tanburs found in Persia, a Baghdad tunbr, distributed south and west of Baghdad, and a Khorasan tunbr. In The History of Musical Instruments, Sachs talked about a second kind of short lute found in the "Islamic Near East", carved from a single piece of wood, no distinct neck and a pegbox that was sickle shaped. The two jacks in each gap face in opposite directions, and each plucks a string adjacent to the gap. In the last century of the Sasanian period, angular harps were redesigned to make them as light as possible ("light, vertical, angular harps"); while they became more elegant, they lost their structural rigidity. Hindu, Buddhist. The harpsichord was most likely invented in the late Middle Ages. Some early harpsichords used a short octave for the lowest register. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. [155], The Baroque guitar (c. 16001750) is a string instrument with five courses of gut strings and moveable gut frets. In the second half of the 18th century, the doubled strings of the 5-course guitar began to become single strings, and by the end of the century, the 5-string guitar was out of fashion, in favor of the 6-string guitar. C. 1140 AD, Capella Palatina, Sicily. Richard Dumbrill talked about the earliest known systems of musical notes, and what makes them feel natural. All forms of the lyre and kithara are also not harps, but belong to the fourth family of ancient instruments under the chordophones, the lyres, closely related to the zither family. When scholars specify the pitch range of instruments with this kind of short octave, they write "C/E", meaning that the lowest note is a C, played on a key that normally would sound E. In another arrangement, known as "G/B', the apparent lowest key B is tuned to G, and apparent C-sharp and D-sharp are tuned to A and B respectively. The pedal harp is a standard instrument in the orchestra of the Romantic music era (ca. Pedals were first introduced in 1697 by Jakob Hochbrucker of Bavaria. Over a period of centuries Central Asia was conquered by people from different cultures including the Greeks, Kushans, various Turkic tribes, Persians (themselves an Iranian tribe), and Arabs. The following were among the instruments used in the music of ancient Greece: In the Aeneid, Virgil makes numerous references to the trumpet. In Northern Ireland the Police Service of Northern Ireland and Queen's University of Belfast use the harp as part of their identity. [175] The four courses are double, triple or quadruple, and the tuning is guitar-like, rather than the fourths tuning used on the Spanish type. The earliest harps and lyres were found in Sumer, 3500BCE,[3] and several harps were excavated from burial pits and royal tombs in Ur. Ketjapi. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver storm and sunshine in the Sixth. In the statuary, plaques and a mosaic in the Byzantine emperor's palace, players are dignified and clothed. China, southern yueqin or possibly a zhongruan (, lit. To describe the pitch of the choirs of strings, pipe organ terminology is used. Cases vary greatly in weight and sturdiness: Italian harpsichords are often of light construction; heavier construction is found in the later Flemish instruments and those derived from them. Among the products manufactured and exported to China were "lutes, harps, transverse flutes, both plucked and bowed stringed instruments, and even Central Asian dances. Although some ancient members of the harp family died out in the Near East and South Asia, descendants of early harps are still played in Myanmar and parts of Africa; other variants defunct in Europe and Asia have been used by folk musicians in the modern era. Ultimately the banjo was one of these. At first Landman started giving musicological lectures at venues, festivals and music related educational institutes. It isn't known when frets were first used. 1948, Borneo. Similarly, the many varieties of harp guitar and harp lute, while chordophones, belong to the lute family and are not true harps. Hindu, Buddhist. With 20th-century music, there was a vast increase in music listening, as the radio gained popularity and phonographs were used to replay and distribute music. "Woman with cittern", canvas painted 1677 by, Japanese painting from 15731615 of a European woman with a, Italian engraving from before 1510. SpeakStick", "Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music", "The Forgotten History of Repetitive Audio Technologies", A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive), "The Piano: The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori (16551731) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art", Comparison of analog and digital recording, Professional Lighting and Sound Association, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_technology&oldid=1118852623, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2010, Articles with incomplete citations from May 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Variations of a hinged wooden or metal device, called a, This page was last edited on 29 October 2022, at 08:35. The harpsichord produced a sufficiently loud sound, but offered little expressive control over each note. 2010, Malaysia. During the Corona crisis his educational work and live performance stopped and he made a graphic novel after a hiatus of 20 years. SENNHEISERIE900, Staff Blog Versions of them can be found throughout China as the, Music in Golkonda, 1660-1670.
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