The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. Sore throat. As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. Diarrhea. Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. Words To Describe Symptoms | Adjectives For Symptoms - SearchSentences This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. PSY-352 Health Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. B) the cause of the problem. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. a. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. . . This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Fever. Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. Homeostasis: How the Body Strives for Balance - Verywell Mind Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Loss of appetite. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. PSY 352 Health Psy Quiz 1 - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 - StuDocu Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. Test 1: Quizes 1-4 Flashcards | Chegg.com These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. How does hypnosis work? It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. 22. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Symptoms) | Center for the Treatment It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). What Is Inflammation? Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). Disorganized Thinking. Has something like this ever happened to you? Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. c. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). Feeling tired. Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. d. both b and c. 2. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. QUIZ 1 EXTRA STUDY .docx - QUIZ 1 STUDY GUIDE HELP PLUS Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. . Thirst. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). Signs and Symptoms | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC States of Consciousness - Psychology 2e - Maricopa According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. As we grow older, we sleep less. a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6).
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