72. The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. Describe commonly used treatments for mental illness. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. The point where this occurs is called the synapse. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. humanist-existential d. sociocultural. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. Models aid us with doing all of this. Figure 2.10. b. That is why a person inherits a susceptibility to a mental illness and doesnt necessarily develop the illness. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. c. reject thoughts that are not rational. c. emphasizes the importance of having a positive outlook. Hmm. c. psychodynamic. A friend recommends this therapy. The Structure of the Nervous System. 80. c. psychodynamic. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. With which type of schedule would you expect a person to stop responding to immediately if reinforcement is not there? The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. They are open to experience, live every moment to the fullest, are creative, accepts responsibility for their decisions, do not derive their sense of self from others, strive to maximize their potential, and are self-actualized. 101. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. d. client-centered therapy. Existential therapy is used to treat substance abuse, excessive anxiety, apathy, alienation, nihilism, avoidance, shame, addiction, despair, depression, guilt, anger, rage, resentment, embitterment, purposelessness, psychosis, and violence. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? During repolarization the neuron will not fire no matter how much stimulation it receives. c. feminist therapy. d. self-aware. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. 48. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. d. catharsis. a. humanistic c. gestalt. There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. 83. 160. c. tertiary prevention. Individuals in this situation are unsure of what they feel, value, or need leading to dysfunction and the need for therapy. a. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. 111. 91. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? b. superego. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? d. fixation. What if? c. psychoanalysts. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. d. propositions. The sociocultural model asserts that race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation all play a role in the development and treatment of mental illness. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. The answer is continuous. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. b. sociocultural d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. a. b. family therapy. In terms of the latter, some symbols are linked to the person specifically, while others are common to all people. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. a. Perls. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. c. cognitive Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. a. gestalt c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. Treatment starts with determining situations in which assertiveness is lacking and developing a hierarchy of assertiveness opportunities. 41. 90. You are doing your best. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. This shows the recent belief that the key to psychological disorders lies in: a. specific brain structures. a. Neurotransmitters are released. 119. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? Researchers who have looked into the link between religious devotion and psychological well-being have come to the following conclusion that: b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. d. known risk and protective factors. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused, 139. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. 100. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. 108. 127. b. modeling. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. All this stage of learning signifies is that some learning is already present. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues.