In the . task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. The amount of money paid the subject was varied. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Social Researcher. One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. If you already know how to turn off your ad blocker, just hit the refresh icon or F5 after you do it, to see the page. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. Patrick has a strong_____. One Dollar condition. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________. The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. /MediaBox[0 0 484 720] It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. How would a social psychologist describe this situation? The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. oldfinal.rtf - Psychological Sciences The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). %%EOF In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. This person has two cognitions which, psychologically, do not fit together: one of these is the knowledge that he believes "X," the other the knowledge that he has publicly stated that he believes "not X." The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. (p.3). Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion. A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. He found, rather, that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a smaller reward. Cognitive Dissonance. To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. These are: 1. From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. Some have already been discussed. Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. York University, Toronto, Ontario. Yet no one calls the police. The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. Eddie has made the _________. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______. soc. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. But other factors would enter also. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. Social Psychology (Chapter 4) Flashcards | Quizlet endobj Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that anything important? How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. Write to Dr. Dewey at psywww@gmail.com. Like Explorable? Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. endobj Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). endobj Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). Thus, if the overt behavior was brought about by, say, offers of reward or threats of punishment, the magnitude of dissonance is maximal if these promised rewards or threatened punishments were just barely sufficient to induce the person to say "not X." The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. exam 2 Flashcards | Chegg.com (Boulding, 1969) If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring. The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. What Is Cognitive Dissonance? Definition and Examples - Simply Psychology The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. Three other participants declined the offer and another one, though he gave the girl a positive briefing, he asked for the girl's number afterwards so he can, according to him, explain to her further what the study is about. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. << endobj When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. %PDF-1.5 e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. 3. that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. _____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." The subjects who received $1 did not have a very good reason to lie. When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. Scott, W. A. If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. He did this for one-half hour. 0000094931 00000 n Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. The greater the reward offered (beyond what was necessary to elicit the behavior) the smaller was the effect. Cognitive Dissonance: Theory, Examples & How to Reduce It How do we explain this? Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. DISCUSSION. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: 49 0 obj Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. This has many practical implications. To achieve consonance, something has to give. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. This is. One would consequently expect to observe such opinion change after a person has been forced or induced to say something contrary to his private opinion. Vince's behavior is an example of. _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. The self-fulfilling prophecy is a negative outcome of______. The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. The influence of role-playing on opinion change. Sandy was using_______ processing. When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. trailer & KING, B.T. Results and Conclusions - Festinger-Carlsmith 0000000848 00000 n What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. Add to folder Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. << ________ describes the situation in which people attend to the content of a message. It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. hbbd``b` H? bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? Twenty Dollar condition. That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) investigated if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior. It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. In groupthink, members of the group______. Dr. Nekita Fuller if( window.canRunAds === undefined ){ Subjects in both groups typically agreed to tell the next subject that the experiment was interesting. The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice. They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. Subjects were subjected to a boring experience and then paid to tell someone that the experience had been interesting and enjoyable. B. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. From this point on they diverged somewhat. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. 47 14 /Parent 45 0 R He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. The new edition of Cognitive Dissonance: Re-examining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology contains 12 chapters and three appendices. In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. enjoyable than the others would. A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU You have created 2 folders. /Resources 50 0 R Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. /Prev 679084 2. How Much They Learned From the Experiment. Procedure - Festinger and Carlsmith Study Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. Alex was most likely engaging in________. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. PDF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE - University of Arizona In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task.
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