Billy Elliot the Musical plays out amid the turmoil of one of the darkest times in modern British history - the 1984 coal miners' strike. The miners expected the dispute to . Am 3. He was working 3 days and drawing 5 days' unemployment pay; gross pay 31 per week, take-home pay 29. Miners at Wrexham's Bersham colliery and Point of Ayr, near Prestatyn,defied calls to join the strike, instead demanding a national ballot -which never happened. Valley Miners' Support Group, Communist Justice was sorely experienced by Scottish miners in the strike against pit closures and redundancies in 1984-85. Dem zum Trotz erfuhren die Streikenden Sympathie und Solidaritt nicht-gewerkschaftlicher Natur in bis dahin unbekannten Ausmaen: kommunale Behrden, ethnische Minderheiten, Feministinnen, Schwule und Lesben untersttzten die Streikenden durch Sammlungen und Spendenaktionen, weil sie sich von der in ihren Augen reaktionren Politik Thatchers gleichfalls benachteiligt und bedroht fhlten. The Miners Strike was the longest industrial strike action in history, it lasted from 1984 to 1985. This strike lasted four weeks. But as we marched the crowd seemed to cheer twice as loud, and were throwing money to us. The animosity between strikers and non-strikers directly affected Watson: I had quite a bunch of friends around our little area before the strike and I distinctly remember one day going to call for my friend. Bitter disputes still remain over the tactics all parties used; the use of the Metropolitan Police in local mining villages, accusations of biased press coverage, flying pickets used to discourage strike breakers (or 'scabs' as they were known in mining communities) from working. Yet soon there will be only one deep mine left in the UK. The government closed the pits and, ten years later, privatised the entire industry. Was the miners strike in 1984 successful? Die Zentrale der Bergarbeitergewerkschaft war schon 1983, zwei Jahre nach der Wahl Scargills, demonstrativ von London nach Sheffield verlegt worden. Although there was undoubted hardship and the need for stringent home economies, there was an enormous sense of solidarity and real humour which kept communities together., Not every police officers experience of the strike was like Orgreave. B. Holger Marcks, Matthias Seiffert (Hrsg. by aneurin. 2022 The Institution of Engineering and Technology. Local Labour party members and trade unionists all contributing made it a wonderful time. Er wird diese Gewerkschaft zerstren. Margaret Thatcher has seen how the 1974 strike had brought down the Heath government by shutting down power stations through picketing and secondary support by other unions, and was determined not to let this happen again. Das fr die britischen Gewerkschaften so effektive Solidarmittel des Sympathiestreiks (Secondary Picketing einschlielich der Aussendung so genannter Flying Pickets) wurde verboten. [28] Im Gegenzug beschimpfte Scargill Thatcher als Plutonium-Blondine und kndigte unverhohlen seinen Wunsch nach ihrem auerparlamentarischen Sturz an.[29]. An oxidant, usually oxygen, water and steam, is injected into the reaction zone. [55], Die britische Regierung und das National Coal Board hatten potentiellen Streikbrechern im Dezember 1984 1400 Pfund Sterling (1984 entsprach 1GBP etwa 4DM) zustzliches Weihnachtsgeld im Falle der Wiederaufnahme der Arbeit angeboten und im Januar Steuerfreiheit bis Ende April in Aussicht gestellt. The villagers, many of them in tears, cheered and clapped as the men of Grimethorpe Colliery marched back to work accompanied by the village's world-famous brass band. There was much support in the mining communities of South Wales for [56], Das Problem sozialer Verwerfungen und eskalierender Gewalt im Umfeld und Nachklang des Streiks wird im Film Billy Elliot I Will Dance und teilweise in Brassed Off Mit Pauken und Trompeten thematisiert. . [14] Der berblick ber den britischen Bergbau erweist sich allerdings als sehr viel weniger homogen, als es diese Durchschnittszahlen suggerieren mgen: neben modern ausgestatteten und effizient produzierenden Gruben gab es veraltete und wenig produktive. "If a private coal mine isn't making a profit it'll be closed," says Dr Eric Wade, a mining engineer from Durham University, and former adviser to the Northumberland NUM. Coal miners who had been on strike since 1984 in an attempt to stop the British Conservative Government closing many of the collierys. Here, historian Dominic Sandbrook revisits the longest and most acrimonious industrial dispute in Britain's modern history: the miners' strike of 1984-85 By Zeitgleich erhhte sich die Exportquote gar um 21%. Als unmittelbare Folge des gescheiterten Streiks manifestierte sich auch der Zerfall der NUM: von 1985 bis 1990 verlor sie 80 Prozent ihrer einst 182.000 (Stand: Juli 1984) Mitglieder, was sich unter anderem darin begrndete, dass 94 von 176 (Stand: 1984) Gruben landesweit stillgelegt wurden. Februar die Hlfte der NUM-Mitglieder wieder zur Arbeit erschien. Who was prime minister during the miners strike? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. University. [20] Mehrere Gesprche zwischen Scargill und McGregor (etwa im Juli 1984) waren ergebnislos geblieben. South November vermeldete der Telegraph, dass 45 Gruben normal produzierten und 93 wegen Streiks vollstndig still lgen (36 pendelten als nicht nennenswert produzierend dazwischen). Was the miners strike in 1984 successful? He kept a diary at the time, I was running with dozens of riot police in hot pursuit, I ran past an elderly miner, on his knees, out of breath, I stopped, he must have been in his late 50s, he had an old long gaberdine coat on, and it was hot today, he couldnt get his breath, the riot police were closing in but I couldnt leave him there to this day I dont know how be managed to get up and run but he did. Allerdings pegelte sich die Arbeitslosigkeit bei durchschnittlich 3,1Millionen Erwerbslosen ein, die Zahl der im produzierenden Gewerbe Beschftigten sank zwischen 1979 und 1990 von sieben auf fnf Millionen Beschftigte.[5]. Norman Jackson, an international mining and management consultant, explains that the British coal industry had been in decline since the First World War. list. Burnt holes in the soles of our Doc Martin boots, worked 17 hour days, got showered, got pissed, and went back to work, learned to sleep standing up, dodged bricks thrown from the darkness by some twat who thought it was funny., Andy felt a kinship with both miners and those who crossed the picket lines: The miners were good blokes, Scabs [those who crossed the picket lines] were too and so were we this was a Working Class War. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Unions, in reality the only power balance against a right wing government, were legislatively castrated with more evisceration on the way, to the detriment of us all., Crossing the picket lines was a terrifying experience. Mit der Etablierung des National Reporting Centres sollte dieses Vorhaben nach dem Amtsantritt Thatchers zumindest in Anstzen seine Umsetzung finden. The year-long strike that followed changed the political, economic and social history of Wales forever. Cortonwood [38] Thatcher frohlockte, als am 27. Library of Scotland, the People's His dad was NUM Branch Secretary at Silverhill Colliery, a big Labour Party man and a big union man. Some unions may have restrictions on who can join. The coming weeks would be surreal as police officers from all over the country descend and at times feel like an occupying army., For an 11 year old boy, the strike was exciting. "The miners in south Wales are saying we are not accepting the dereliction of our mining valleys, we are not allowing . The strike took place in 1984's Britain under the Thatcher government and lasted a year. Sie hatte bereits vor ihrem Amtsantritt 1979 erkennen lassen, welches Unbehagen ihr die im Vereinigten Knigreich traditionell starke Gewerkschaftsmacht bereitete. Der einjhrige britische Bergarbeiterstreik der Jahre 1984/1985 (Miners' Strike, auch Coal Strike, 4./9.Mrz 1984 bis 5. The decision to strike was technically illegal, as there had been no national ballot of NUM members, even though the Nottinghamshire and Midlands Coalfields for example, had called for a national ballot. Die NUM sah sich prinzipiell auerstande, Streikgelder zu zahlen. This Conservative government was prepared, though. In 1984 he warned miners that the . As UK government annouces the closure of two of the remaining three deep pits and the sell off of six surface coal mines, we look back at the miners' strike of 1984 and ask if there's any future for coal mines at all? Miners Strike - "You Want the Earth" Socialist Political Cartoon from "The Liberator" Magazine, 1910s. 11.291 Streikende waren zumindest vorbergehend verhaftet worden. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Miners Strike 1972, 1974 and 1984 . Now, Britain produces around 15 million tonnes of coal a year and employs fewer than 6,000 miners. This book considers the outcomes of these strikes, and their implications for current cohesiveness in organized labour. There were rumours that the new Coal Board chairman, Ian MacGregor, wanted to close an additional 70. [52] Der verschrfte Ton im Umgang mit Scargill (und die entsprechenden Repliken) treten zustzlich hinzu. News Group Newspapers Limited in England No. "You can drive a road into a large mine, you're not reliant on a vertical shaft," he says. Allerdings wurde 2009 bekannt, dass die Bergarbeitergewerkschaft NUM whrend des Streiks umfangreiche finanzielle und materielle Untersttzung aus der DDR erhielt. Anders als die Konservativen konnte Labour nicht auf betrchtliche Spenden aus der Wirtschaft zhlen. Doch erwiesen sich die Anlage-Manahmen der Regierung Thatcher als insgesamt kluger Schachzug. Money and food are scarce. Der Streik brach was die Forderungen der Bergleute anbelangt ergebnislos in sich zusammen. "Mrs Thatcher took on the miners because she wanted to open up new energy markets, to have a broader energy policy.". On 1 March 1984 the National Coal Board announced that it planned to close 20 coal mines with the loss of 20,000 jobs. Margaret Thatcher, previously Education Secretary, replaced Heath as Conservative party leader. CCS technology can capture CO2 emissions from power stations in three ways. Mining and management consultant Jackson believes that authorities in countries such as China and Russia, who tend to do what they think is right and tell their people afterwards, can act more decisively to bring about change than governments who, at least on the surface, rely more on public opinion to rationalise their actions and policies. Auch die Funktionre des Freien Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes bekundeten gegenber Scargill ihre Untersttzung. [30] Bei den Zeitungen taten sich auf diesem Feld die Boulevardbltter The Sun und The Daily Mail unangenehm hervor, sogar der als linksliberal geltende Daily Mirror polemisierte gegen den Streik. The anecdote comes after the unlikely claim the Queen Mother supported the later miners' strike in 1984. . Verlssliche Belege hierzu liegen bisher nicht vor. - Introduction prepared by staff at the South of 11. My memories of the Miners Strike are not troubled ones, but very rich ones and that is owed, not to a prime minister who demolished industry in her own country, not to a government who did nothing to protect its people, but to two extraordinary ordinary people., You can see all the contributions or share your own - on GuardianWitness, This article was amended on 5 March 2015 to correct a photo caption which mentioned the presence of someone who was not pictured, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, Approaching the pit gates at Markham Maine in Armthorpe near Doncaster. Miners on Strike Andrew J. Richards 1996 The miners' strike in Britain in 1984/85 was marked by internal division, in contrast to those of 1972 and 1974, which brought the miners substantial material gains. Getty Images offers exclusive rights-ready and premium royalty-free analog, HD, and 4K video of the highest quality. Reproduced by kind permission of the People's Tue Jul 25 2006 at 6:36:36. In 2012, Portman Energy developed single well integrated flow tubing. This was a sensitive time, only four days after Orgreave and policing was kept to a minimum. Generally unions cant help people with a problem that happened before they joined the union. [26] Der Herrschaft des Mobs drfe nicht nachgegeben werden. . Introduction Bei Zuwiderhandlungen gegen die Gesetze konnten Streiks zu einer kriminellen Handlung erklrt werden, was zur Folge haben konnte, dass Gewerkschaftskassen konfisziert wurden. links | Photographs. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Coal produces electricity more cheaply than gas, but it emits more CO2. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Contents 1 Background 2 Strike 3 Planned strikebreaking force Mitgliedern) ausgehend auf 43% im Jahre 1986, auf nur noch 35% 1992. Auch 1974 gab es einen Bergarbeiterstreik; und dies in einer Zeit, als wegen der lkrise (ab Herbst 1973) Energiemangel in England herrschte. The worst Bentley disaster was in 1931 when 45 miners were killed after a gas explosion. Miners "During the 72-74 strike police respected pickets - there was a neutrality. Played cribbage for hours on end on an upturned riot shield. 2 von 1980 waren die Zuschsse an die Familien auf 15Pfund pro Woche gesenkt worden. Miners in Yorkshire and Kent were the first to go on strike, followed by miners in Scotland, South Wales and Durham. The miners' strike of 1984-1985 was a major industrial action within the British coal industry in an attempt to prevent colliery closures. Violent confrontations between flying pickets and police characterised the year-long strike, which ended in a decisive victory for the Conservative government and allowed the closure of most of Britain's collieries. Billy Elliot (2000) tells the story of a young boy's struggle with identity against the backdrop of social and political turmoil of Thatcher-era Northern England. [31], Dies hinderte die streikfeindliche Publizistik freilich nicht, Arthur Scargill als Adolf Scargill (Fleet Street) und den Yorkshire-Ripper (Sunday Express) persnlich anzugreifen.[32]. The strike was divisive, controversial and violent, nowhere more so than in Scotland. Das Scheitern des Bergarbeiterstreiks 1984/1985 stellte unter Beweis, dass eine britische Regierung begnstigt durch die Arbeitsmarktreformen und die Duldsamkeit Thatchers von der Zustimmung und dem Goodwill der Gewerkschaften bei Reformvorhaben nicht mehr abhngig war. The miners didn't give in easily. After 12 months, during which many striking miners lived without wages, six people died and 11,000 were arrested, the NUM called off the strike. [48] Besonders in Nordengland und Sdwales brach sich dies Bahn, die Arbeitslosenquoten stiegen zum Teil auf 50Prozent. It was led by Arthur Scargill of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) against the National Coal Board (NCB), a government agency. Scargill verkannte allerdings, dass die Bedeutung der Kohle gesunken war und die arbeitsrechtlichen Regelungen der Regierung Thatcher eine Gewerkschaftsbewegung trafen, die durch den Mitgliederrckgang ohnehin schon geschwcht war. Miners' Strike and Colliery Working Plans, Times/Sunday Die demtigende Niederlage der NUM im Streik 1984/1985 und ihr folgender Abstieg haben nach hoffnungsvollem Beginn auch das Ansehen ihres Prsidenten stark in Mitleidenschaft gezogen. I would not have gone on to university without this specific moment., The miners went back to work on 5 March 1985. Doch blieben weiterhin 80Prozent der Elektrizitt des Landes von Kohle abhngig: dieser Umstand und die damit verbundene Rolle der NUM darf keineswegs unterschtzt werden. The process is not problem free, however. Other countries are also looking into this technology. Mit der Privatisierung der Elektrizittsversorgung entfiel allerdings deren bis dahin existente Abnahmeverpflichtung fr Kohle. 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The biggest rail strike in 30 years is causing severe disruption to passengers this week, with the walkout of at least 40,000 members of the Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) union. facing increasing financial hardship, returned to work in increasing numbers. Gleichwohl produzierten die britischen Medien ein Bild des Streikes, das seiner Natur nicht vllig gerecht wurde und somit ein verzerrte Meinungsbildung in der Bevlkerung nach sich zog: statt das Fr und Wider der Konfliktparteien in den Vordergrund zu stellen, wurden den Nachrichtenzuschauern bevorzugt gewaltsame Ausschreitungen und Prgeleien prsentiert und ausgeschlachtet. Arthur Scargill, president of the NUM, declared that strikes in the various coal fields were to be a national strike and ID: ET4G6D (RM) Home Office. [70] : 360-71 It resulted in a second major defeat for unions and another victory for Thatcher's union policies, especially her assurance that the police would defend the plants against pickets trying to . Mitte Dezember 1984 war die Produktion auf ein Viertel des Ausstoes vor Beginn des Streikes gesunken: doch gab es whrend des gesamten Streiks keinen Stromausfall und keine signifikanten Engpsse in der Versorgung mit vorsorglich gehorteter Kohle. Many observers regard the strike as "the most bitter industrial dispute in British history". He believes that Britain needs a range of international and home grown power options to have a thriving energy system. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Additional costs mean it hasn't yet caught on in Britain. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. | Selected links Zum zweiten bestand die Mglichkeit, dass die regionalen Vorstnde individuell Streiks beschlossen (rule43 / Regel43). Coalpro's Garner warns that other such schemes have come to nothing through lack of government investment. Divided communities take a long time to heal; some never do. Other direct action was also taken as, for example, at Port Talbot Steelworks The lessons of the miners' strike - and its defeat - are of great significance to the future of the workers' movement, and deserve thorough study. There were rumours that the new Coal Board chairman, Ian MacGregor, wanted to close an additional 70. The miners' strike wasn't the cause of clashes along Britain's class-based social cleavage, but rather was an expression of the tensions that had been building ever since the translation of the Beveridge Report into the post-war Welfare State. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Fr die Abstimmungen konnte sogar staatliche Finanzierung in Anspruch genommen werden. Miner's strikes - 1984 (14495625275).jpg 960 502; 62 KB. In den als militant geltenden Regionen waren Urabstimmungen nicht abgehalten worden. "Then Russia invades Ukraine and there could be a problem.". ): Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.greenleft.org.au, https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Britischer_Bergarbeiterstreik_1984/1985&oldid=227409066, Bergbaugeschichte (Vereinigtes Knigreich), Politikgeschichte (Vereinigtes Knigreich), Sozialgeschichte (Vereinigtes Knigreich), Wikipedia:Defekte Weblinks/Ungeprfte Archivlinks 2018-04, Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike. The rest of Britain's coal is produced by open face mines, where miners dig coal from the surface or just below for five years or so, before moving to another location. Why was there a difference in 1984-85 strike?" Der Malus des Beharrens auf Regel 43 lastete whrend des gesamten Streiks auf dem Arbeitskampf, verschleierte den eigentlichen Konflikt und gab Thatcher Gelegenheit, sich als Hterin der Demokratie gegen einen Umsturzversuch zu gebrden. The Prime Minister even called a General Election, asking the electorate to decide who should run the country government or coal miners. [9] Gleichwohl hatten die Bergarbeiter durch ihre hohe Gewerkschaftsbindung auch whrend der ersten Hlfte der ra Thatcher den Status vergleichsweise gut bezahlter Facharbeiter inne und rangierten 1984 auf Platz neun der britischen Lohnskala.
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