Previous explanations of males outperformance of females in science and mathematics suggested that biological factors predisposed males to be better at more technical subjects than females. Students also learn their gender at school. Streaming not only serves to increase the efficiency of teaching and classroom management, but also results in social groupings of students that have significant social meaning within and outside of the school. The school setting now begins to take on some of the roles that previously only family members fulfilledbut in markedly different ways. In other words, they felt that they were more likely to receive disciplinary action for a rule infraction than White students. If theyre breaking what theyre saying it means nothing to us then.1 A student at the competition shot a video of the dance which quickly became an internet sensation accompanied by much public moral outrage. One resigned and the other did not have his contract renewed.2. The OHRC also found that racial minority students were also disproportionately represented among those who had been disciplined with suspensions and expulsions under the act. Especially in early grades, the relationship that a child has with his or her teacher has a very important impact on emotional, social, behavioural, and academic adjustment (Pianta 1999). Sweet et al. Kelly, Pomerantz, and Currie (2005), for example, found that self-described skater girls (i.e., girls who associate with skateboard culture) were expressing their rejection of contemporary ideals of femininity. Peer rejection refers to the failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. Recall from Chapter 2 that Boudon discussed how secondary effectslike the aforementioned characteristicscan impact on educational attainment because they influence the types of educational choices made by a student and his or her family. In Chapter 4, for example, research by Willms (2008) was considered which argued that French immersion programs act as an informal streaming mechanism as French immersion students tend to be from significantly higher socio-economic backgrounds and less likely to have a learning disability. A significant part of a teachers job is to evaluate students and, often, to decide if a student is best suited for a particular ability track. Teacher education suggests that tailoring into ability groups allows for teachers to best match the learning needs of students. Socialization in the Schooling Process Sociology of Education Peer victimization and rejection have been found to be associated with psychological distress that carries over into adulthood (Ambert 1994; Bagwell, Newcomb, and Bukowski 1998; Roff 1990; Roth, Coles, and Heimberg 2002). The findings of research on the impact of school uniforms on school safety has, in general, not supported the premise of reduced behavioural problems in students (Han 2010) or school achievement (Yeung 2009). The role of peer groups was also discussed. There is also the risk that she may develop a reputation. An inherent message in these codes of dress is that girls covering up keeps male students focused and protects girls personal safety. Not all post-secondary institutions, however, accept ELA 30-2 for entry. Attempts to attract more males to the teaching profession have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. With school teachers being almost exclusively female, the feminization of schoolingargument suggests that schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. The first part addresses the essential implication of race theory in adult education. They found that the young adults who had been home schooled had higher academic attainment in young adulthood than the average population. Raby (2005) suggests that students in such environments are not learning how to be active participatory citizens in a democracy, but instead learning how to cope with rules that have been imposed upon them. In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Education instituted the Safe Schools Act, which was designed to address violence and behavioural problems in schools. Students who are less academically inclined are put into classes that better match their abilities and interests, like vocational training. How do children decide what courses they will take in secondary school? These goals (e.g., learning to share, participating in lessons, working in groups), when embraced, also serve to integrate the child into social groups at school. Such school environments have been found to breed delinquent behaviour and academic failure. Canadian research has produced similar results to its American counterpart. The Consumer Mathematics curriculum addresses financial management, career exploration, home ownership and maintenance, as well as more traditional topics such as trigonometry and statistics. Pomerantz (2007) argues that dress codes work to contain young womens sexuality (p. 383) through the reproduction of a specific type of femininityone that is White, middle-class, and heterosexual. And they appear to be functioning effectively as members of adult society (p. 119). The athletes consisted of jocks, members of sports teams, and cheerleaders. As noted by Wentzel and Looney (2006), there are several different social realities to which a child must adapt: In addition to learning different behaviours that are appropriate for school, there are also structural features of school to which children must adapt. A dimension of socialization including the self-regulations of the body required of students to fit into the school environment, such as raising a hand or sitting still. What are the rationales given for dress codes and school uniforms? Alberta Education. These students did not have a strong peer group identity with one of the established school peer groups and were at the periphery of the school social scene. While gender roles are learned in primary socialization in the family, they can become further enforced or challenged in the school environment (Leaper and Friedman 2007). As well, children who cannot engage themselves with the material being taught in the classroom may turn to disruption of peers due to boredom and frustration. Differentiate between the home schooled experience and outcomes of socialization with those who attend school. Within the general category of elites, such peer groups as populars, student union members, and preppies were found. Incorporating technology into the classroom has also been suggested as a way to improve boys reading achievement, particularly through the use of the internet. Raby and Domitrek (2007) state that this kind of rule creation and enforcement creates a negative environment where teachers are involved in petty policing and frustrates students who would prefer to challenge the rules in more constructive ways than by breaking them. The findings suggest that at-risk children may be socialized into a cycle of negative interactions with teachers, which may not only contribute to their future delinquency but also reduce their academic performance. The 2007)depending on who is doing them. The latter is oriented for someone who wishes to achieve university or post-secondary prerequisites (see Box 6.2 for some comparisons of applied and academic trajectories in Canada). Critics argue, however, that further demarcating tasks as masculine and feminine continues to promote very narrow gender roles (Greig 2003). The social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order; the underachievement of boys is an example. A major objective of socialization in the school setting is to make a child socially competent. Children gain an impression of how people perceive them as the As Table 6.1 illustrates, there are many new things for children to get used to in the school setting. Therefore, social features of the school can serve to reverse delinquent behaviours. Individual subjects in school also have a tendency to be sex-stereotyped. She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. The next section addresses the techniques that are used within schools to socialize children into being desirable students. Box 6.3 Zero Tolerance Policies in Canadian Schools. They also found significant differences by province: students from Saskatchewan were much more likely to have university options than those in British Columbia, Alberta, or Ontario. What are some conflicts that arise around the topic of school rules? Plastic water bottles are banned from sale in schools in Ontario, for example, but there are no cases of students being excluded from activities for having them. Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. He or she may have to raise a hand to ask questions. Schools codes of conduct serve to penalize those who do not conform. Currie and Kelly (2006) observed that a common yet particularly severe form of name-calling that resulted in the most reputational damage was being called a slut, which results from perceived inappropriate interactions with or seeking attention from boys. A major emphasis in the curriculum is learning practical life skills and how to develop trust for persons in authority. What are peer groups and what does social identity mean? No Way! What is streaming? Adapted from Dreeben, Robert, 1968, On What is Learned in School, Percheron Press, A Division of Eliot Werner Publications, Inc., Used with permission. Students develop valuable knowledge and skills that will allow them to make informed decisions as they become independent citizens. Conflicts within relationships are dealt with in ways such that the relationship itself becomes the weapon. Their inability to behave in ways that are socially acceptable can have many causes, such as parenting styles and disciplinary techniques in the home (Putallaz and Heflin 1990). A child must develop skills that allow him or her to function socially, emotionally, and intellectually within the school environment. The most frequently mentioned motivations were the desire to bond the family through a common educational pursuit, objections to the organization of schools, and a desire to personally enrich the curriculum. These agents include the family, education, religion, peer groups, and the media, and they all play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors. Meanness, on the one hand, is a trait that is spurned by girls, yet, on the other hand, is associated with popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006). What kinds of resources are available on their websites? Sources: Manitoba Education www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/parents/senior/math.html Reproduced with permission from Manitoba Education. Other agents of socialization within the school were also discussed. Skelton (2001) has noted, however, that the predominance of female teachers is not a new thing but has been the status quo since the nineteenth century. This begins at birth and continues throughout life; Successful socialization enables people to fit into all kinds of social groups. Goths, skaters, punks, headbangers, and emos are all names given to groups that have been found within adolescent peer groups in schools, all of which are oriented around particular tastes in music and fashion. Even when accounting for numerous childhood risk factors such as social class of origin, gender, and antisocial behaviour, having been verbally abused by a teacher in early childhood was associated with behavioural problems in adulthood. It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. Did you interact with people in other groups? In terms of outreach, students must participate weekly (Wednesdays between 9 a.m. and 12 p.m.) in a community volunteer activity for which they receive no payment. Use Google to find home schooling advocacy groups in Canada. While the characteristics of teachers in the process of socialization have been discussed above, another related feature that has been found to be associated with behavioural outcomes in children is school climate. In an overview of studies (Sussman et al. The school, like Won Ska, has a high retention rate. In February of 2011, news broke that a six-year-old boy in Laval, Quebec, had been excluded from a school teddy bear contest because he had a plastic sandwich bag in his lunch, which violated the school rules on environmentally friendly lunch containers.5 Many environmental initiatives have been adopted by schools across Canada. The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. The styles were adopted by girls largely based on race, with White girls sporting the Britney look and the Asian and Hispanic girls wearing JLo styles. What reasons have parents given for home schooling their children? The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. For example, schools teach children how to behave appropriately in society. Many children arrive at school with behavioural problems and emotional needs that are not met in the family environment. Popular girls and boys also tended to be part of high-status school-sponsored school activities, namely cheerleading (for girls) and team sports (for boys). Young people are more likely to agree with rules that they accept as offering them protection. Verbal abuse by the teacher (which consisted of verbal humiliation, name-calling, and yelling) was also found to negatively impact on students academic achievement. The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. As noted earlier, at the core of these zones are school rules, to which we now turn. What problems are being identified? Some explanations of this biological destiny are based on evolutionary theory (Geary 1996), hormonal differences (Kimura and Hampson 1994), and brain physiology (Baron-Cohen 2003), all suggesting that the basis of differential performance by sex was based on some feature of the brain that was unchangeable. Children who are home schooled do not attend formal school and are taught usually by a parent in the home environment. Furthermore, socialization can be divided into two types: primary socialization and secondary socialization. Obviously, students in schools are expected to follow the school codes or face some type of reprimand. During the process of cultural conformity, children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression. Some schools encourage active citizenship wherein students participate in creating and modifying schools codes of conduct, and other aspects of their schooling, including course content. WebExamples of Socialization 1. In a study of 226 Canadian adults who had been home schooled as children, Van Pelt, Allison, and Allison (2009) explored how these individuals compared to a more general population of adult Canadians. Streaming is a topic that is hotly debated (Loveless 1999). Religion. The process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong; accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. These labels are not easily shed and can have spillover effects into other areas of social interaction, such as peer relations and future teacher expectations (Jones 1972). Because computer use is seen as a masculine activity by both boys and girls (Sokal 2002, 2010), the use of computers in literacy teaching may neutralize the idea that reading is a feminine task. Socializing This is the complete list of articles we have written about socializing. Warm and supportive teachers and a positive school climate are crucial for the positive social development of children, and the absence of such can have long-term detrimental effects on students, particularly if they have family problems. What role does school climate play in student socialization? Researchers have suggested that codes of conduct may be more positively received when they are worded in a manner that includes. Examples-socialization must occur for a high school freshman to adjust to their new situation. 4. The expected behaviours at school are much different from within the family, and the structural features of day-to-day life at school are in stark contrast to what was experienced in the family home. In fact, mile Durkheim (1973) proposed a protracted role for educators in socializing children into morality. The media, in particular, have been quick to endorse a position that suggests that the main problem can be found in the ongoing feminization of schooling. Within the outer ring, teachers are also included as exemplars of moral behaviour (see Box 6.1). It can be difficult for teachers to be warm and supportive when behavioural disruptions from students make it challenging for the teacher to perform his or her instructional role (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). 3. Recent immigrant youth may also be placed in lower tracks due to their English language skills, rather than their overall academic ability (Sweet et al. The ways school socialises a person. Socialization is a process of inheriting the customs, ethnicity and philosophies which provides them with expertise and ways which are important for the people to be a part of their own society. Sociologists have divided socialization in Six (6) groups. The first one is Primary socialization in which the Until the 1990s, males had been outperforming females on standardized testing in most countries around the world. This also has the effect of creating resentment and rule breaking among students, especially when they see the rules as pointless and arbitrary. Below are the topics covered by both streams at grades 10, 11, & 12. For example, in order for someone to become a doctor he/she Other research findings reveal that this is more than a perception and that abject racism has been detected in schools use of disciplinary procedures (Ferguson, Tilleczek, Boydell, and Rummens 2005). The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. These ideals are normatively approved and accepted models of what a student should be like to fit into schooling contexts, not only in North America but in virtually all places where formal schooling occurs. The narrowing of standardized test scores between males and femalesand across countrieshowever, strongly points to the differences as being cultural constructions that are shifting as the result of changing norms of socialization (Penner 2008). Socialized delinquency is the violation of the law by individuals younger than 18 years that 2. Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. As well, in such discussions, the impact that this would have on female students is rarely considered (Greig 2003). The family still remains an important part of childrens socialization, even when they enter into school. Customer Service Environment Group Dynamics Institutions Looking Teachers are more than just a new person from whom the child must take direction; they influence the socialization of children in several ways. WebLets examine some of the major theories of socialization, which are summarized in Table 4.1 Theory Snapshot. Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, After reading this chapter, you will be able to. Infamous acts of school violence, such as the events at Columbine High School in 1999, led to increased concern about violence in schools, which resulted in the emergence of zero tolerance policies around school codes of conduct. School board rules also prohibit vandalism, aggression, and racist, homophobic, sexual, and gender-biased speech. WebSome kids need extra help learning and following social rules. In this chapter, the complex role of socialization within schools was introduced. 2010). The child interacts with many features of his or her environment which all contribute to the childs social development. Children who withdraw from peer interactions also limit their ability to fit into their peer group (Coie and Kupersmidt 1983; Dodge 1983). Jussim and Harber (2005) found that the expectations that teachers have about their students influenced how they behaved toward them. Being presented with that curriculum is one way that children are socialized into becoming desirable members of the public. What concerns do critics of home schooling have about the socialization of home schooled children? Families and schools are major contributors to socialization, but there are other systems of socialization within ecological systems theory. The Britney look consisted of tight jeans and midriff-baring tops, while the JLo look was characterized by figure-hugging velour track suits. Language arts and science, as mentioned above, are also often divided into applied and academic trajectories. Specifically, Sprott (2004) found that emotional support in the classroom when children were between 10 and 13 years of age reduced violent behaviour in children two years later. Of course, the socialization that results from primary socialization rests heavily upon the social class, ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds and attitudes of the family. Similar to peer victimized children, peer rejection may occur simply because a child is perceived as being different in some way from other members of the peer group. Blair and Sanford (2004) found in their study of boys in an elementary school in Alberta that boys strongly preferred reading materials that they could talk about with their friends. Children, however, will now have other significant people in their lives from whom they will learn the skills of social interaction. Of course, popularity is a factor in social identity. The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. Many codes of conduct in Canadian schools specify attire that is deemed unacceptable for wearing to school. Such embedded practices are lining up, doing homework, taking tests, and being evaluated. The term became associated with school disciplinary procedures in 1994 when the Gun-Free Schools Act was passed in the United States, which required that students who possessed a firearm at school be expelled for no less than one year (Cerrone 1999). Secondary socialization refers to the social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, like school. Peer victimizationrefers to physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. Brint (1998) identifies three major zones of socialization within classrooms (see Figure 6.2). This type of aggression is often simply referred to as meanness. As well, previous research has shown that, like bully victims, rejected children report being lonely (Asher, Hymel, and Renshaw 1984) and are more likely to be depressed (Vosk, Forehand, Parker, and Rickard 1982) than integrated peers. That streaming has a positive effect on the academic attainment of high-ability groups has been documented by Ansalone (2001, 2003), although these gains are arguably at the expense of students in the lower-ability tracks (Sweet et al. During socialization, a person learns to become a member of a group, community, or society. Raby (2005) and Pomerantz (2007) also suggest that dress codes are more likely to be enforced on more physically developed females or those who belong to stigmatized subgroups (e.g., Goths). They found that Chinese boys were stereotyped as unmanly by White boys and that the White, middle-class definition of masculinity was realized through the rewarding of physically aggressive performances in PE class by these males and by their physical and verbal intimidation of the Chinese-Canadian males through the playing of football and dodgeball. Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. As discussed in Chapter 2, Millington, Vertinsky, Boyle, and Wilson (2008) studied physical education curriculum in a Vancouver high school. Primary socializationoccurs within the family and is where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. If students believe that their teacher has lower expectations of them, this can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy of low achievement. You can help your child work on Schools were not equipped to deal with students with social and emotional disabilities, and it was these very students who were disproportionately punished through the Safe Schools Act. Other researchers have found that school sports coaches create conformity among their players by using misogynistic and homophobic comments to criticize players (Schissel 2000), further contributing to stereotypes about what is considered appropriate male behaviour. In order to address the boy problem, the Ontario Ministry of Education has created guides for improving boys literacy.8 Booklets called Me Read? What happens if teachers behave in ways that violate norms of morality? She notes that style is perceived to be a voice of resistance among many girls, but also queries whether such an en masse expression of resistance through consumption of fashion and music can really be considered resistance if so many young people seem to be doing itat least to some extent. Canadian studies of the outcomes associated with home schooling are much less plentiful than in the United States, where the home schooling movement has been growing rapidly. Medlin (2000) has noted that research on whether or not home schooled children experience adequate socialization is sparse and that which does exist often has hallmarks of poor research design and biased samples. [S]tudents who aspire to careers that involve the development, production, teaching and study of more complex texts need to register in this course sequence. The table above shows the differences and similarities between the curricula of the two streams. 2. Characteristics of the school, teachers, and the peer group all influence the socialization of children within school settings. How do students learn gender at school? The rationale behind introducing school uniforms was that standardizing wardrobes would make it impossible for students to wear clothes reflecting gang affiliation and the presence of intruders within schools would be easier to identify as they would stand out in a sea of uniforms. As discussed later in this chapter, school rules and school codes of conduct are essential features of schools that frame behaviours in a manner such that they produce obedience to authority. 2007). Sokal (2010) found no evidence that computer-assisted literacy programs had any influence on Canadian males from low socioeconomic backgrounds who struggled with reading.
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